Answer: Engine malfunction was due to  mechanical failure.

Explanation: In this specific sentence, "due to" is preferred because it is commonly used to indicate a direct cause-effect relationship and is more appropriate for stating a factual or objective cause. "Owing to" is often used when emphasizing a consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause.

Using "due to" in the sentence suggests that the engine malfunction occurred directly as a result of the mechanical failure. It highlights the cause-and-effect relationship, indicating that the mechanical failure directly led to the engine malfunction.

Answer: Owing to a fault in the engine, the vessel's power output was significantly reduced.

Explanation: While both "owing to" and "due to" can express cause or reason, "owing to" is often used to emphasize the consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause. It suggests a direct cause-and-effect relationship and highlights the result or impact of the mentioned cause.

In this case, "owing to" is used to emphasize that the significant reduction in power output is a direct consequence of the mentioned fault in the engine. It underscores the cause-effect relationship, suggesting that the fault directly led to the reduction in power output.

Answer: The ship had high fuel consumption on its last journey because of adverse weather conditions. 

Explanation: "Because" is a conjunction that introduces a reason or cause for an action or event. It joins a dependent clause (the reason) with an independent clause (the main statement).  

Here, "because of" is a prepositional phrase that introduces the cause or reason, and "adverse weather conditions" functions as the object of the preposition, completing the sentence and providing the reason for the high fuel consumption. 

Answer: The crew had to perform maintenance tasks regularly due to safety regulations and the need for preventive maintenance.

Explanation: While "owing to" could also be used in this context, "due to" is more commonly employed to express cause or reason. It is often used when stating facts or objective causes. "Due to" emphasizes a direct cause-effect relationship, highlighting that the crew's regular performance of maintenance tasks is a direct result of both safety regulations and the need for preventive maintenance.

Using "due to" in this sentence effectively conveys that the crew's regular maintenance tasks are a consequence or requirement arising from the mentioned causes.

Answer: Owing to adverse weather conditions, the ship encountered rough seas and strong winds.

Explanation: While "due to" could also be used in this context, "owing to" is a suitable alternative that emphasizes the consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause. It suggests a direct cause-and-effect relationship, highlighting that the adverse weather conditions directly led to the ship encountering rough seas and strong winds.

Using "owing to" in this sentence effectively conveys the cause-effect relationship, underscoring that the adverse weather conditions are the direct cause of the ship's encounter with rough seas and strong winds.

Answer: The crew had to conduct emergency repairs during the voyage due to unforeseen circumstances.

Explanation: While both "due to" and "owing to" can express cause or reason, "due to" is commonly used to indicate a direct cause-effect relationship and is suitable for stating a factual or objective cause. "Owing to" is often used to emphasize a consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause.

In this case, "due to" is used to highlight that the crew's need to conduct emergency repairs during the voyage directly arises from the unforeseen circumstances. It suggests a direct cause-effect relationship, indicating that the unforeseen circumstances directly led to the crew's requirement for conducting emergency repairs.

Answer: The ship's fuel consumption decreased after implementing preventive maintenance measures because of  proactive measures taken.

Explanation: "Because" is a conjunction that introduces a reason or cause for an action or event. It joins a dependent clause (the reason) with an independent clause (the main statement).  

While "due to" could also be used in this context, "because of" is chosen to emphasize the cause-effect relationship more explicitly. It indicates that the proactive measures taken were the direct cause of the decrease in fuel consumption. 

Answer: The engine room temperature increased significantly so, there was an engine malfunction.

Explanation: By using "so" in this sentence, the focus is placed on the cause-effect relationship and the logical connection between the increased temperature and the occurrence of the engine malfunction, rather than explicitly stating the cause or reason using "because of" or "due to." 

Answer: The ship's operational efficiency improved after crew coordination efforts due to effective crew coordination.

Explanation: While "owing to" could also be used in this context, "due to" is more commonly employed to express cause or reason. It is often used when stating facts or objective causes. "Due to" emphasizes a direct cause-effect relationship, highlighting that the improvement in operational efficiency is a direct result of the effective crew coordination efforts.

Using "due to" in this sentence effectively conveys that the effective crew coordination efforts are the cause or reason behind the improvement in operational efficiency. It highlights the direct relationship between the two and indicates that the improvement directly resulted from the mentioned coordination efforts.

Answer: Owing to safety regulations the vessel had to deviate from its planned route.

Explanation: "Owing to" is a phrase commonly used to express cause or reason, emphasizing the consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause. In this case, the safety regulations serve as the cause or reason for the vessel's deviation. The phrase highlights the direct cause-effect relationship, suggesting that the vessel was required to deviate from its planned route directly as a result of the mentioned safety regulations.

Using "owing to" in this sentence effectively conveys the cause-effect relationship and emphasizes that the vessel's deviation is a direct consequence of the safety regulations.

Answer: The crew allocated specific tasks for routine engine inspections, because of task allocation and preventive maintenance.

Explanation:  "Because" is a conjunction that introduces a reason or cause for an action or event. It joins a dependent clause (the reason) with an independent clause (the main statement).  

In the given sentence, both "because of" and "due to" can be used interchangeably. However, "because of" has a slightly more casual tone, while "due to" has a more formal and objective tone. The choice between them depends on the desired level of formality and style of the writing or communication. 

Answer: The ship experienced a sudden power loss, so there was a fault in the engine. 

Explanation: "So" is used as a coordinating conjunction to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between the two clauses. 

On the other hand, "due to" and "because of" are phrases that typically introduce a cause or reason. They emphasize the cause behind a particular event or situation. 

In summary, "so" emphasizes the cause-effect relationship, while "due to" and "because of" emphasize the cause or reason behind the event. The choice between them depends on the specific context and desired emphasis in the sentence. 

Answer: The vessel achieved smooth sailing despite adverse weather conditions.

Explanation: The sentence uses "despite" as a preposition to indicate the contrast or opposition between the smooth sailing and the adverse weather conditions. It shows that the vessel was able to maintain its course and navigate effectively despite the challenging weather. 

Answer: The ship's performance exceeded expectations during the voyage because of operational efficiency and fault detection.

Explanation: Using "because of" in this sentence effectively conveys that the mentioned factors (operational efficiency and fault detection) directly led to the ship's exceptional performance. It indicates that these factors played a significant role in enabling the ship to surpass the expected level of performance during the voyage. 

Answer: due to

The scheduled maintenance was postponed due to adverse weather conditions. 

Explanation: The reason for postponing the scheduled maintenance was the unfavorable weather conditions. "Due to" is used to indicate the cause or reason for an action.

Answer: owing to

Owing to a mechanical failure in the engine room the ship's departure was delayed.

Explanation: The cause for the delay in the ship's departure was a mechanical failure in the engine room. "Owing to" is used to express the cause or reason for something.

Answer: because

The crew had to perform emergency repairs because of an unexpected power outage. 

Explanation: The reason for the crew performing emergency repairs was the unexpected power outage. "Because of" is used to indicate the cause or reason for an action.

Answer: due to

The vessel's fuel consumption decreased due to proactive measures taken by the motormen. 

Explanation: The proactive measures taken by the motormen resulted in the decrease in the vessel's fuel consumption. "Due to" is used to express the cause or reason for a certain outcome.

• Proactive measures - /prəʊˈæktɪv ˈmɛʒərz/ -  Запобіжні заходи 

Answer: So, as a result of

So, as a result of the engine malfunction, the ship experienced reduced power output.  

Explanation: The conjunction "so" is used to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between the engine malfunction and the subsequent reduced power output. The phrase "as a result of" is added to provide clarity and establish the cause-effect connection more explicitly. 

Answer: owing to

The change in route was necessary owing to safety regulations. Explanation: Safety regulations required the change in route. "Owing to" is used to indicate the cause or reason for something.

Answer: so as to / in order to

The crew coordinated their efforts so as to allocate tasks efficiently.  Explanation: "So" can be followed by either "in order to" or "so as to" to express the purpose or intention behind the crew's coordinated efforts. These phrases indicate the reason or goal for their actions, providing a clearer and grammatically correct expression of the intended meaning. 

Answer: due to

The voyage was canceled due to unforeseen circumstances beyond our control. 

Explanation: Unforeseen circumstances, which were not under our control, led to the cancellation of the voyage. "Due to" is used to express the cause or reason for a particular outcome.

Answer: owing to

Owing to preventive maintenance, the crew conducted regular inspections.  Explanation: While "due to" could also be used in this context, "owing to" is preferred when emphasizing the consequence or outcome resulting from a specific cause. It suggests that the regular inspections were a direct consequence of the preventive maintenance practices.

The phrase "owing to" is often used to express cause or reason, highlighting the cause-effect relationship in a more specific or nuanced way. It emphasizes the direct connection between the preventive maintenance practices and the crew's regular inspections.

Answer: Because

The ship encountered rough seas because of adverse weather conditions. Explanation: "Owing to" and "due to" can also be used to express cause or reason too. However, there are subtle differences in their usage. 

In the given sentence, "because of" is preferred as it provides a clear and straightforward reason for the ship encountering rough seas. It effectively conveys the cause-effect relationship and highlights that the adverse weather conditions directly led to the rough seas. 

1. Alex: Hey Mark, did you hear about the recent change in the ship's maintenance tasks?

2. Mark: Yes, I did. It was due to the increase in mechanical failures we've been experiencing.

3. Alex: That's right. Owing to these failures, the motormen had to prioritize certain maintenance tasks over others.

4. Mark: I see. So, were there any noticeable effects on the ship's performance?

5. Alex: Definitely. The engine malfunction led to reduced power output, affecting the ship's speed and efficiency.

6. Mark: That must have affected fuel consumption as well, right?

7. Alex: Absolutely. Due to the engine malfunction, the ship consumed more fuel than usual, leading to higher costs.

8. Mark: I understand. So, what actions did the motormen take to address the issue?

9. Alex: Because of the engine malfunction, the motormen performed extensive inspections and implemented timely repairs.

10. Mark: That's impressive. It's important to detect and correct faults promptly to ensure smooth sailing.

11. Alex: Yes, indeed. By taking these proactive measures, the motormen aimed to optimize operational efficiency.

12. Mark: That makes sense. Preventive maintenance plays a crucial role in avoiding unforeseen circumstances.

13. Alex: Exactly. Owing to the crew's commitment to preventive maintenance, we can minimize the occurrence of emergency situations.

14. Mark: And that's crucial for the safety of the crew and the overall performance of the vessel.

1. Алекс: Привіт, Марку, ти чув про нещодавні зміни в технічному обслуговуванні судна?

2. Марк: Так. Зміни внесли що було спричиненим  збільшенням кількості механічних несправностей, з якими ми почали стикатися.

3. Алекс: Правильно. Внаслідок цих несправносей мотористам довелося звертати першочергову увагу на одні завдання технічного обслуговування замість інших.

4. Марк: Я розмію. То як це позначилось на характеристиках судна?

5. Алекс: Однозначно. Несправність двигуна призвела до зниження вихідної потужності, що вплинуло на швидкість і ефективність роботи судна.

6. Марк: Це, мабуть, також вплинуло на витрату палива, чи не так?

7. Алекс: Абсолютно. По причині несправність двигуна судно спожило більше палива, ніж зазвичай, що призвело до вищих витрат.

8. Марк: Я розумію. Тож що зробили мотористи для вирішення проблеми?

9. Олексій: Через несправність двигуна мотористи провели ретельний огляд і вчасно виконали ремонт.

10. Марк: Це вражає. Важливо своєчасно виявляти та усувати несправності, щоб забезпечувати надійне плавання.

11. Алекс: Так, справді. Застосовуючи ці профілактичні заходи, мотористи мали на меті оптимізувати ефективність роботи.

12. Марк: Так, досить логічно. Профілактичне обслуговування відіграє вирішальну роль у запобіганні непередбачених обставин.

13. Алекс: Саме так. Завдяки увазі екіпажу до профілактичного обслуговування ми можемо мінімізувати виникнення аварійних ситуацій.

14. Марк: І це має вирішальне значення для безпеки екіпажу та нормальної роботи судна.